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Templating

This is an advanced feature of Home Assistant. You’ll need a basic understanding of:

Templating is a powerful feature that allows you to control information going into and out of the system. It is used for:

• Formatting outgoing messages in, for example, the notify platforms and Alexa component.
• Process incoming data from sources that provide raw data, like MQTT, rest sensor or the command_line sensor.
• Automation Templating.

Building templates

Templating in Home Assistant is powered by the Jinja2 templating engine. This means that we are using their syntax and make some custom Home Assistant variables available to templates during rendering. Jinja2 supports a wide variety of operations:

We will not go over the basics of the syntax, as Jinja2 does a great job of this in their templates documentation.

The frontend has a template editor tool to help develop and debug templates. Navigate to Developer Tools > Template, create your template in the Template editor and check the results on the right.

Templates can get big pretty fast. To keep a clear overview, consider using YAML multiline strings to define your templates:

Important Template Rules

There are a few very important rules to remember when adding templates to YAML:

1. You must surround single-line templates with double quotes ( » ) or single quotes ( ‘ ).
2. It is advised that you prepare for undefined variables by using if . is not none or the default filter, or both.
3. It is advised that when comparing numbers, you convert the number(s) to a float or an int by using the respective filter.
4. While the float and int filters do allow a default fallback value if the conversion is unsuccessful, they do not provide the ability to catch undefined variables.

Remembering these simple rules will help save you from many headaches and endless hours of frustration when using automation templates.

Home Assistant template extensions

Extensions allow templates to access all of the Home Assistant specific states and adds other convenience functions and filters.

Limited Templates

Templates for some triggers as well as trigger_variables only support a subset of the Home Assistant template extensions. This subset is referred to as “Limited Templates”.

States

• Iterating states will yield each state sorted alphabetically by entity ID.
• Iterating states.domain will yield each state of that domain sorted alphabetically by entity ID.
• states.sensor.temperature returns the state object for sensor.temperature (avoid when possible, see note below).
• states(‘device_tracker.paulus’) will return the state string (not the object) of the given entity or unknown if it doesn’t exist.
• is_state(‘device_tracker.paulus’, ‘home’) will test if the given entity is the specified state.
• state_attr(‘device_tracker.paulus’, ‘battery’) will return the value of the attribute or None if it doesn’t exist.
• is_state_attr(‘device_tracker.paulus’, ‘battery’, 40) will test if the given entity attribute is the specified state (in this case, a numeric value). Note that the attribute can be None and you want to check if it is None , you need to use state_attr(‘sensor.my_sensor’, ‘attr’) == None .

Avoid using states.sensor.temperature.state , instead use states(‘sensor.temperature’) . It is strongly advised to use the states() , is_state() , state_attr() and is_state_attr() as much as possible, to avoid errors and error message when the entity isn’t ready yet (e.g., during Home Assistant startup).

Besides the normal state object methods and properties, states.sensor.temperature.state_with_unit will print the state of the entity and, if available, the unit.

States examples

The next two statements result in the same value if the state exists. The second one will result in an error if the state does not exist.

Print out a list of all the sensor states:

Other state examples:

Attributes

You can print an attribute with state_attr if state is defined.

Attributes examples

Working with Groups

The expand function and filter can be used to sort entities and expand groups. It outputs a sorted array of entities with no duplicates.

Expand examples

The same thing can also be expressed as a filter:

Devices

• device_entities(device_id) returns a list of entities that are associated with a given device ID. Can also be used as a filter.
• device_attr(device_or_entity_id, attr_name) returns the value of attr_name for the given device or entity ID. Not supported in limited templates.
• is_device_attr(device_or_entity_id, attr_name, attr_value) returns whether the value of attr_name for the given device or entity ID matches attr_value . Not supported in limited templates.
• device_id(entity_id) returns the device ID for a given entity ID or device name. Can also be used as a filter.

Devices examples

Areas

• area_id(lookup_value) returns the area ID for a given device ID, entity ID, or area name. Can also be used as a filter.
• area_name(lookup_value) returns the area name for a given device ID, entity ID, or area ID. Can also be used as a filter.
• area_entities(area_name_or_id) returns the list of entity IDs tied to a given area ID or name. Can also be used as a filter.
• area_devices(area_name_or_id) returns the list of device IDs tied to a given area ID or name. Can also be used as a filter.

Areas examples

now() and utcnow() are not supported in limited templates.

now() returns a datetime object that represents the current time in your time zone.

• You can also use: now().second , now().minute , now().hour , now().day , now().month , now().year , now().weekday() and now().isoweekday() and other datetime attributes and functions.
• Using now() will cause templates to be refreshed at the start of every new minute.

utcnow() returns a datetime object of the current time in the UTC timezone.

• For specific values: utcnow().second , utcnow().minute , utcnow().hour , utcnow().day , utcnow().month , utcnow().year , utcnow().weekday() and utcnow().isoweekday() .
• Using utcnow() will cause templates to be refreshed at the start of every new minute.

today_at(value) converts a string containing a military time format to a datetime object with today’s date in your time zone.

as_datetime() converts a string containing a timestamp to a datetime object.

as_timestamp(value, default) converts datetime object or string to UNIX timestamp. If that fails, returns the default value, or if omitted None . This function also be used as a filter.

as_local() converts datetime object to local time. This function also be used as a filter.

strptime(string, format) parses a string based on a format and returns a datetime object. If that fails, returns the default value, or if omitted the unprocessed input value.

relative_time converts datetime object to its human-friendly “age” string. The age can be in second, minute, hour, day, month or year (but only the biggest unit is considered, e.g., if it’s 2 days and 3 hours, “2 days” will be returned). Note that it only works for dates in the past.

timedelta returns a timedelta object and accepts the same arguments as the Python datetime.timedelta function – days, seconds, microseconds, milliseconds, minutes, hours, weeks.

Filter timestamp_local(default) converts a UNIX timestamp to its naive string representation as date/time in your local timezone. If that fails, returns the default value, or if omitted the unprocessed input value. If timezone information is needed in the string, use timestamp_custom instead.

Filter timestamp_utc(default) converts a UNIX timestamp to its naive string representation representation as date/time in UTC timezone. If that fails, returns the default value, or if omitted the unprocessed input value. If timezone information is needed in the string, use timestamp_custom instead.

Filter timestamp_custom(format_string, local_time=True, default) converts an UNIX timestamp to its string representation based on a custom format, the use of a local timezone is default. If that fails, returns the default value, or if omitted the unprocessed input value. Supports the standard Python time formatting options.

UNIX timestamp is the number of seconds that have elapsed since 00:00:00 UTC on 1 January 1970. Therefore, if used as a function’s argument, it can be substituted with a numeric value ( int or float ).

If your template is returning a timestamp that should be displayed in the frontend (e.g., as a sensor entity with device_class: timestamp ), you have to ensure that it is the ISO 8601 format (meaning it has the “T” separator between the date and time portion). Otherwise, frontend rendering on macOS and iOS devices will show an error. The following value template would result in such an error:

To fix it, enforce the ISO conversion via isoformat() :

To/From JSON

The to_json filter serializes an object to a JSON string. In some cases, it may be necessary to format a JSON string for use with a webhook, as a parameter for command-line utilities or any number of other applications. This can be complicated in a template, especially when dealing with escaping special characters. Using the to_json filter, this is handled automatically.

The from_json filter operates similarly, but in the other direction, de-serializing a JSON string back into an object.

To/From JSON examples

In this example, the special character ‘°’ will be automatically escaped in order to produce valid JSON. The difference between the stringified object and the actual JSON is evident.

Conversely, from_json can be used to de-serialize a JSON string back into an object to make it possible to easily extract usable data.

Distance

• distance() will measure the distance in kilometers between home, entity, coordinates.
• closest() will find the closest entity.

Distance examples

If only one location is passed in, Home Assistant will measure the distance from home.

Closest examples

The closest function and filter will find the closest entity to the Home Assistant location:

Find entities closest to a coordinate or another entity. All previous arguments still apply for second argument.

Since closest returns a state, we can combine it with distance too.

The last argument of the closest function has an implicit expand , and can take any iterable sequence of states or entity IDs, and will expand groups:

It will also work as a filter over an iterable group of entities or groups:

Numeric functions and filters

Some of these functions can also be used in a filter. This means they can act as a normal function like this sqrt(2) , or as part of a filter like this 2|sqrt .

The numeric functions and filters will not fail if the input is not a valid number, instead the input value will be returned unless a default value is specified. The float filter is an exception, it returns 0.0 if the input is invalid and a default value has not been specified. This is unwanted behavior in many cases, use is_number to check if the value is valid.

float(value, default) function will attempt to convert the input to a float . If that fails, returns the default value, or if omitted value .

float(default) filter will attempt to convert the input to a float . If that fails, returns the default value, or if omitted 0.0 .

is_number will return True if the input can be parsed by Python’s float function and the parsed input is not inf or nan , in all other cases returns False . Note that a Python bool will return True but the strings «True» and «False» will both return False . Can be used as a filter.

log(value, base, default) will take the logarithm of the input. When the base is omitted, it defaults to e — the natural logarithm. If value or base can’t be converted to a float , returns the default value, or if omitted value . Can also be used as a filter.

sin(value, default) will return the sine of the input. If value can’t be converted to a float , returns the default value, or if omitted value . Can be used as a filter.

cos(value, default) will return the cosine of the input. If value can’t be converted to a float , returns the default value, or if omitted value . Can be used as a filter.

tan(value, default) will return the tangent of the input. If value can’t be converted to a float , returns the default value, or if omitted value . Can be used as a filter.

asin(value, default) will return the arcus sine of the input. If value can’t be converted to a float , returns the default value, or if omitted value . Can be used as a filter.

acos(value, default) will return the arcus cosine of the input. If value can’t be converted to a float , returns the default value, or if omitted value . Can be used as a filter.

atan(value, default) will return the arcus tangent of the input. If value can’t be converted to a float , returns the default value, or if omitted value . Can be used as a filter.

atan2(y, x, default) will return the four quadrant arcus tangent of y / x. If y or x can’t be converted to a float , returns the default value, or if omitted value . Can be used as a filter.

sqrt(value, default) will return the square root of the input. If value can’t be converted to a float , returns the default value, or if omitted value . Can be used as a filter.

e mathematical constant, approximately 2.71828.

pi mathematical constant, approximately 3.14159.

tau mathematical constant, approximately 6.28318.

Filter round(precision, method, default) will convert the input to a number and round it to precision decimals. Round has four modes and the default mode (with no mode specified) will round-to-even. If the input value can’t be converted to a float , returns the default value, or if omitted the input value.

• round(precision, «floor», default) will always round down to precision decimals
• round(precision, «ceil», default) will always round up to precision decimals
• round(1, «half», default) will always round to the nearest .5 value. precision should be 1 for this mode

Filter [x, y, . ] | max will obtain the largest item in a sequence.

Filter [x, y, . ] | min will obtain the smallest item in a sequence.

Filter [x, y, . ] | average will return the average value of the sequence.

Filter value_one|bitwise_and(value_two) perform a bitwise and(&) operation with two values.

Filter value_one|bitwise_or(value_two) perform a bitwise or(|) operation with two values.

Filter ord will return for a string of length one an integer representing the Unicode code point of the character when the argument is a Unicode object, or the value of the byte when the argument is an 8-bit string.

String filters

• Filter urlencode will convert an object to a percent-encoded ASCII text string (e.g., for HTTP requests using application/x-www-form-urlencoded ).

Regular expressions

• Test string is match(find, ignorecase=False) will match the find expression at the beginning of the string using regex.
• Test string is search(find, ignorecase=True) will match the find expression anywhere in the string using regex.
• Filter string|regex_replace(find=», replace=», ignorecase=False) will replace the find expression with the replace string using regex.
• Filter value | regex_findall(find=», ignorecase=False) will find all regex matches of the find expression in value and return the array of matches.
• Filter value | regex_findall_index(find=», index=0, ignorecase=False) will do the same as regex_findall and return the match at index.

Processing incoming data

The other part of templating is processing incoming data. It allows you to modify incoming data and extract only the data you care about. This will only work for platforms and integrations that mention support for this in their documentation.

It depends per integration or platform, but it is common to be able to define a template using the value_template configuration key. When a new value arrives, your template will be rendered while having access to the following values on top of the usual Home Assistant extensions:

Variable	Description
value	The incoming value.
value_json	The incoming value parsed as JSON.

This means that if the incoming values looks like the sample below:

The template for on would be:

Nested JSON in a response is supported as well:

Just use the “Square bracket notation” to get the value.

The following overview contains a couple of options to get the needed values:

To evaluate a response, go to Developer Tools -> Template, create your output in “Template editor”, and check the result.

Some more things to keep in mind

entity_id that begins with a number

If your template uses an entity_id that begins with a number (example: states.device_tracker.2008_gmc ) you must use a bracket syntax to avoid errors caused by rendering the entity_id improperly. In the example given, the correct syntax for the device tracker would be: states.device_tracker[‘2008_gmc’]

Priority of operators

The default priority of operators is that the filter ( | ) has priority over everything except brackets. This means that:

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